Neuroscience Avipaxin

Contains ingredients involved in the synthesis and activity of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter important for learning, memory, and downregulation of the immune system*

Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter found throughout the peripheral and central nervous systems and is well known for its importance in muscle contraction, attention, learning, memory, and stress (1).* Acetylcholine released by the vagus nerve is essential to immune health due to its ability to downregulate cytokine expression in the spleen, liver, and gastrointestinal tract (2).*

Key ingredients
Acetyl-L-carnitine: Derivative of L-carnitine shown to increase plasma and brain levels of L-carnitine (3,4). L-carnitine facilitates energy production in mitochondria (5) and provides antioxidant protection through its ability to scavenge reactive oxygen species and metal ions (6).* Provides an acetyl group required for acetylcholine synthesis (7).*

AlphaSize® (Alpha-glycerylphosphorylcholine): Patented choline donor (11) and precursor to acetylcholine (9).

Huperzia serrata aerial parts (standardized to 1% to huperzine A): Potent and selective inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), an enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine in the synapse (12).*

*These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.

References
1. Ferreira-Vieira T, et al. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2016;14(1):101-15.
2. Tracey K. Nat Rev Immunol. 2009;9(6):418-28.
3. Parnetti L, et al. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1992;42(1):89-93.
4. Rebouche C. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2004;1033:30-41.
5. Pekala J, et al. Curr Drug Metab. 2011;12(7):667-78.
6. Gulcin I. Life Sci. 2006;78(8):803-11.
7. White H and Scates P. Neurochem Res. 1990;15(6):597-601.
8. Wallace J, et al. Br J Nutr. 2012;108(7):1264-71.
9. Ueland P. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2011;34(1):3-15.
10. Zeisel S. Nutrition. 2000;16(7-8):669-71.
11. Abbiati G, et al. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 1993;18(2):173-80.
12. Tun M and Herzon S. J Exp Pharmacol. 2012;4:113-23.